The same investigators also assessed risk of bias from each included report using the Cochrane risk of bias tool, which categorizes studies as having high, low, or unclear risk of bias on the basis of criteria pertaining to selection bias, blinding, incomplete outcome data, and reporting bias ( 10). Authors were contacted for missing outcome data. Extracted data included study setting, design, duration, blinding, sample size, participant characteristics (i.e., age, sex, BMI, and HbA 1c), intervention diet characteristics (i.e., energy content of liquid meal replacement and frequency and duration of use), control diet characteristics (energy content and diet type), dropout rate, and funding and outcome data. or C.R.B.) independently reviewed and extracted relevant data from each included report. They are frequently used to replace one or two main meals each day and are often supplemented with fruits, vegetables, and nuts during or between meals to achieve the targeted daily caloric intake. Liquid meal replacements provide a mixture of carbohydrates, fat, and protein, along with added vitamins and minerals, in ready-to-drink form or powder formulas that require mixing. The use of liquid meal replacements within a structured dietary plan may offer a viable solution. ![]() Many pharmacological agents used in the treatment of diabetes also directly contribute to weight gain through their glucose-lowering mechanisms (i.e., sulfonylureas, meglitinides, and thiazolidinediones) ( 6). ![]() Metabolic, psychological, and behavioral factors affect the ability of people with diabetes to lose weight ( 4, 5). However, many overweight/obese individuals with type 2 diabetes face challenges in achieving weight loss. ![]() Modest and sustained weight loss has been shown to reduce the need for glucose-lowering medications and improve glycemic control in overweight/obese individuals with type 2 diabetes ( 1– 3).
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